You are listening to the always asking.com podcast. This is episode number three. Today's question, when will AI take over? In recent years, AI has achieved remarkable feats, and computers continue to get faster? How long will it be before we create a machine smarter than ourselves? What will the consequences be? Today we will review the best evidence to find answers to these questions. Enjoy.

Artificial Intelligence has achieved extraordinary feats. Given the current state and trajectory of AI for how much longer can humans remain the most intelligent creature on earth? We're not the strongest or hardest, nor are we the fastest reproducing. Yet humans dominate life on Earth. By some estimates, we've cocked it 40% The Earth's terrestrial photosynthetic capacity. Humans inhabit every continent and maintain a permanent presence under the ocean and in outer space. We're the only species to have stepped foot on other worlds or to have released the energy of the atom. Our success as a species we owe to our intelligence and intelligence that lets us coordinate actions, share information, and build tools. But what will happen when we finally build something smarter than us? In just the last decade, we've witnessed the rise of AI that can hold conversations speak any of 100 languages, beat anyone a Jeopardy chess, go poker, and in any Atari video game, and recognizes objects and faces better than us even spots cancer better than most doctors and has been used to invent technology. Discover laws of physics, even identify new drugs. Today's age can compose as well as bark and painters well as Van Gogh, it has developed its own highly original artistic styles. It can drive, fly, and even move better than most humans. What chance do we have in the coming age way eclipses humanity in all areas? This article will explore that question. We will review the areas where air has already achieved superhuman abilities and cover the dwindling areas where humans it'll hold an edge. It is a most pressing question. Though we have held the title of most intelligent species for 100,000 years, we could be relieved of this title in a few decades. We must prepare for this transition. What is intelligence? Before we can discuss artificial intelligence, we need to start with an agreement on what intelligences according to the agent environment interaction model Intelligence something is intelligent if it, quote, perceives its environment and interacts with it in a manner consistent with achieving a goal. And quote, this definition captures the full spectrum of intelligent behavior. Regardless of how simple or complex it is. It includes creatures from worms to humans and machines from thermostats to chess playing AI is anything fitting this definition of intelligence is an intelligent agent. Narrow versus strong AI. Only with a goal in mind can we tell intelligent behaviors from intelligent ones. Accordingly, every intelligent agent, be it an animal, robot, extraterrestrial or otherwise, must have goals to behave intelligently. Every intelligent agent from a chess playing heir to a human being can be framed in the terms of Its goals, environment, actions and perceptions. By this definition, we have achieved artificial intelligence. But existing artificial intelligences have narrowly defined goals and are usually competent only in one specific function as that are only good at one thing, beat playing chess or keeping an airplane level are known as narrow a. This is in contrast to strong AI, an AI with wide ranging and general purpose intelligence. Definition strong AI an AI that can perform any mental task a human is able to perform. While narrow and cannot perform humans in many tasks. human intelligence is general. In order to estimate how far we are from strong AI, we must consider all the aspects of human intelligence and see how near or far is from achieving parity. Only when a meets or exceeds human ability in each dimension of intelligence will strong a be achieved human intelligence in order for it to take over, it is going to have to meet and exceed human intelligence. How far off is present computing technology from matching the power of the human brain power of the human brain. The human brain has about 100 billion neurons, roughly the number of stars in our galaxy. Each neuron has about 10,000 synapses connections to other neurons. This gives a total of one quadrillion 10 to the power of 15 connections in the human brain. Each of the neurons in the human brain can fire signal to other neurons that up to 1000 times per second, the 10th of the power of 15 synapses signaling at 1000 times per second gives us synaptic signaling rate of 10 to the power of 18 per second. Every second, your brain sends as many synaptic signals as there are grains of sand on all of Earth speeches estimated to be on the order of 10 to the power of 18 on quintillion this rate of processing 10 to the power of 18 operations per second is known as the xop scale. Exa is the cy prefix for 10 to the power of 18 and op is short for operation. In 2018, the world's fastest supercomputer broke the XR scale. This supercomputer is called summit. It was developed by IBM and is operated by the US Department of Energy at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. To reach the processing rate of the human brain summit requires 2.4 million CPUs 10 million watts of power 340 tons of equipment and to tennis courts of space. The human brain performs as many operations per Second is summit, but he uses just 20 watts of power weighs just 1.5 kilograms and fits in a two liter bottle with room to spare. While our computing speed may have finally caught up with our biology, it has a long way to go to meet the efficiency and compactness of the human brain. Moreover, human intelligence requires more than raw computing power, it needs the right algorithms, circuitry and programming. All the computers in the world won't yield general purpose and without the right software, abilities of the human brain. human intelligence is multifaceted. It embodies many abilities such as problem solving, reasoning, pattern recognition, creativity, learning, language, planning, intuition, and applying knowledge. If artificial intelligence is to ever achieve human intelligence, it must succeed in all these areas as of 2020, artificial general intelligence has not been achieved. But that isn't stopping anyone from trying that 2017 survey found 45, R and D projects by different organizations, all of them pursuing strong air quotes. Each practitioner thinks there's one magic way to get a machine to be smart. And so they're all wasting their time in a sense. On the other hand, each of them is improving some particular method. So maybe someday in the near future, or maybe it's two generations away, someone else will come around and say, let's put all these together, and then it will be smart. And quote, Marvin Minsky, co founder of the MIT laboratory if Minsky is right, general intelligence is what you get from combining a bunch of distinct abilities together. Accordingly, human generally intelligence can be viewed as the combined abilities to communicate via natural language. Learn, adapt, and grow. move through a dynamic environment. Recognize sights and sounds. Be creative in music, art, writing and invention, and reason with logic and rationality to solve problems. Where do we stand in terms of progress in each of these areas? In recent years, extraordinary achievements have been made in each of these domains. Be warned. If you're not familiar with recent progress in air, the next section will be shocking. The present state of artificial intelligence. It is one thing to guess what might be possible in the future. It's another to confront the hard facts of what's already been done. communication abilities of a one ability of human intelligence is nothing short of telepathy. Thoughts in one brain can spread through vibrations in the air to generate similar thoughts in other nearby brains. This is the magic of language. through writing. This power is further enhanced to allow brains to share ideas with other humans thousands of years in the future on the other side of the globe. The scribbles on your screen are performing this feat of magic right now. Language involves the separate functions of transcription, turning sounds into words, translation comprehension, and to give a response speech synthesis, turning words into sounds. transcription. Voice transcription, also known as speech recognition, converts spoken words to text. Early transcription software has existed since the 1980s but It was primitive by today's standards. The first versions required voice training for each speaker had limited vocabularies and speakers had to pause between each word. But in 2016, Microsoft's artificial intelligence and Research Unit built the first speech recognition technology to surpass the accuracy of human transcriptionist. Humans working on a set of recordings had an error rate of 5.9%. By a narrow margin, Microsoft's system achieved a lower error rate. As of 2020, the latest commercial version of Dragon naturallyspeaking supports speech at up to 160 words per minute at an accuracy of 99% without training translation. Modern air has an incredible capacity for language translation. Google Translate supports over 100 languages and it is entirely self taught. Rather than hand program language translation rules, Google engineers built an AI that could teach itself. It is called Google neural machine translation gnmt Google engineers Feds gnmt example translations published by the United Nations and the European Parliament. Just as humans learned to decipher ancient Egyptian from the example on the Rosetta Stone gnmt figured out how to translate between 101 human languages. The top human polyglot in the world only knows 59 languages. comprehension. comprehension is the ability to extract the meaning conveyed by words. In 2019, engineers at open AI succeeded to such a degree that they were scared by their creation. They consider their AI so dangerous, they said it would be irresponsible to release to the public These engineers created an AI called generative pre trained transformer to or GPT to. The air had a simple task given an input text predict the most likely next word to follow. After training on 8 billion documents, comprising 40 gigabytes of English text GPT two showed surprising abilities GPT two could invent pages of coherent text. Moreover, GPT two demonstrated reading comprehension. It could even summarize and answer questions about an input text despite not being trained for that, given any prompt GPT to can generate as much or as little additional text as desired. For example, when given the word today GPT to continued with today, the United Nations has called for the immediate withdrawal of all nuclear weapons from the world GPT two could even write whole articles complete with fake quote From scientists, the air demonstrated an understanding of World Geography and even naming conventions used in different parts of the world. Researchers fed GPT to the prompt. In a shocking finding, scientists discovered a herd of unicorns living in a remote, previously unexplored Valley in the Andes Mountains. even more surprising to the researchers was the fact that the unicorns spoke perfect English. They asked GPT to to continue from there. The following is the text the air came up with quotes. The scientist named the population after their distinctive horn of his unicorn. These four horned silver white unicorns were previously unknown to science. Now, after almost two centuries, the mystery of what sparked this odd phenomenon is finally solved. Dr. Jorge Perez evolutionary biologist from the University of La Paz, and several companions were exploring the Andes Mountains when they found a small valley with no other animals or humans. parents noticed that the valley had what appeared to be a natural fountain surrounded by two peaks of rock and silver snow. Parents, Perez and the others then ventured further into the valley. By the time we reached the top of one peak, the water looked blue with some crystals on top said Perez, Perez and his friends were astonished to see the unicorn herd. These creatures could be seen from the air without having to move too much to see them. They were so close they could touch their horns. While examining these bizarre creatures, the scientists discovered that the creatures also spoke some fairly regular English, Paris stated we can see, for example, that they have a common language something like a dialect or diet. electic Dr. Perez believes that the unicorns may have originated in Argentina, where the animals were believed to be descendants of the last race of people who live there before the arrival of humans in those parts of South America. While their origins are still unclear, some believe that perhaps the creatures were created when a human and a unicorn met each other in a time before human civilization. According to Perez in South America, such incidents seem to be quite common. However, Perez also pointed out that it is likely that the only way of knowing for sure if unicorns are indeed the descendants of the last alien races through DNA, but they seem to be able to communicate in English quite well, which I believe is a sign of evolution, or at least a change in social organization. Set the scientist and quote, wireless stories is not perfect GPT two connected the prompt of the Andes Mountains Argentina, the University of La Paz, and a Spanish name Jorge Perez all on its own. The air also chose Paris to be an evolutionary biologist, exactly the field you might expect for someone who discovers a species open a thought or system that could generate fake stories that potential for abuse. Quote, due to our concerns about malicious applications of the technology, we are not releasing the trained model. As an experiment in responsible disclosure, we are instead releasing a much smaller model for researchers to experiment with, and, quote, open AI. The creator's fear their technology would be exploited to create fake news or generate spam. Tristen Greene said I'm terrified of GPT two because it represents the kind of technology that evil humans are going to use to manipulate the population and in my opinion, that makes it more dangerous than any gun. After nine months of debates between open and the broader community, open air reversed its decision GPT two is now available to the public for anyone to download and use. Anyone can experiment with it online at talk to a transformer.com. putting it all together. In a stunning example, engineers behind Google Assistant put all these technologies together. The result is an app called duplex. duplex can call salons and restaurants to make reservations all by itself. duplex was told to arrange a haircut appointment on Tuesday morning anytime between 10 and 12. duplex call the local hair salon and had the following conversation with the person at the other end of the line. Quote Hello, how can I help you? Hi, I'm calling to book a woman's haircut for a client, um, I'm looking for something on May 3. Sure. Give me one second. Um hum. Sure. What time are you looking for around? That's 12pm we do not have a 12pm available. The closest we have to that is a 115. Do you have anything between 10am and 12pm? Depending on what service she would like, what service is she looking for? Just a woman's haircut for now. Okay, we have a 10 o'clock 10 M is fine. Okay, what's her first name? The first name is Lisa. Okay, perfect. So I will see Lisa at 10 o'clock on May 3. Okay, great. Thanks. Great having Have a great day. Bye. And quote, duplex combined many language technologies, including transcription, comprehension, and speech synthesis. The result was a call where the person had no idea they were speaking to an artificial intelligence. We might consider this a pass of the Turing test. learning abilities of AI DeepMind was founded in 2010 with the mission of understanding and recreating intelligence itself. By 2013 deep mind had made a general purpose learning algorithm to prove it. They set it up to play old Atari video games games that had never seen before, nor been told how to play video games. The a could see the screen and it had a controller. The only thing it was told to do was to try to get the highest score it could. But first it played Like a child might play, randomly pressing the controls and quickly losing. But after a short time it improved. After 10 minutes playing the paddle game breakout, the A could competently hit the ball several times before missing. After two hours of playing, it had learned to play the game as well as the best human players. The engineers decided to let the system keep running overnight. When they check the progress several hours later, they were astonished. The system discovered new strategies for winning in some of the games. of the seven games tested. There a beat all previous errors in six of the games and learn to play better than any human player in three of the games. This accomplishment so impressed Google that they decided to buy DeepMind for over $500 million in 2014 DeepMind continued working on their learning algorithm by 2015 there system could learn how to play over half of 49 tested games at a superhuman level. But its performance still lag behind human players in some of the games, something was holding the air back. By 2020, the engineers discovered the missing ingredient curiosity. After adding curiosity to the learning algorithm, the newest AI called Agent 57 learned how to play all 57 Atari Games better than any human. After deep mind success in Atari Games, they turn their attention toward the ancient board game go. board games go is not only the oldest continually played board game, but the most complex the number of possible moves pattern is so great that all previous attempts of building a strong go err failed. DeepMind engineers thought the learning algorithm might be succeed where others failed. They designed the GoPro As I've learned by playing itself, they call it alpha go. By 2016 DeepMind estimated AlphaGo to be strong enough to beat the best human players in the world, a feat that had never been done. To put it to the test, Google organized a match between AlphaGo and the world go champion. Lee's subtle, though is popular in Asia, and the event was highly televised. More than 200 million people tuned in twice the viewership of the Superbowl. Despite going into the match with high confidence AlphaGo beat Lee Sedol in four of the five games one year later, DeepMind made a general purpose out for learning to play board games given no information aside from the rules of the game, because it started with zero knowledge they called it alpha zero. Alpha zero could learn any game given the rules when provided the rules of chess alphazero learned to play the game better than any human in just four hours. In the time between breakfast and lunch, alphazero rediscovered all the common openings that took human chess masters centuries to work out. alphazero had not only learned to play chess at a higher level than any human, it was better than the best human programs, chess systems. You could say alpha zero didn't just learn how to play chess better than any human. It learned how to program a computer to play chess better than any team of human programmers. Quote. I always wondered how it would be if a superior species landed on earth and showed us how they play chess. Now I know and quote Peter Heiner Neilson, chess grandmaster on alpha zeros chess style, because it learned everything from scratch. Alpha zeros playing style was unique DeepMind Founded Demis Hassabis himself a former chess prodigy said it's like chess from another dimension. In 2018, after 30 hours of self play, alpha zero learned how to play go better than AlphaGo and beat 100 to zero. This development was too much Felice settle. In 2019. He announced his retirement from the game, saying even if I become the number one, there is an entity that cannot be defeated. partial information games. board games are a far cry from the dynamic and unpredictable world we find ourselves in, in chess and go the player has complete knowledge about everything. The entire board is always visible. There are no unknowns. In the real world, however, we have to make do with partial and incomplete information. Given our uncertainties, we must act on guesses intuition and Faith had proven itself in games with complete information. Could it also succeed in games more like the real world? games with many actors, unknown variables and constant change? Could machines develop intuition? A joint team between Facebook and Carnegie Mellon University aims to find out. They chose a game where uncertainty, partial information and intuition reign supreme poker they wanted to build the first day that could be professional poker players in the most popular and most difficult version of the game, Texas Hold'em with multiple players and no betting limit, previous as had success in one on one games, or in limit poker, but no limit poker and having multiple simultaneous opponents makes the game significantly more complex. No one had succeeded here. You in poker players know only some of the cards. Cards held by opponents are not seen until the end, deception becomes a necessary strategy by bluffing, pretending to have a stronger hand than one really holds. The team adopted the strategy of alpha zero, their AI, called Pluribus will teach itself the game by playing against itself with no outside instruction. In seven hours, Pluribus learns to play poker as well as the average person. After 20 hours it reached the level of professional human players, the researchers let it keep going. After eight days, the team believed Pluribus had achieved definitively superhuman levels of poker. To prove it, they organized a tournament between Pluribus and professional human poker players. Each human player was among the best in the world. All had one over 1 million dollars through playing poker player of us won decisively to learn more about poker in a week than humans found in a century of playing. Quote, Pluribus is a very hard opponent to play against. It's really hard to pin him down on any kind of hand. End quote. Chris Ferguson, six time World Series of Poker winner, who lost to Pluribus known brown of Facebook, a set of Pluribus, it can bluff better than any human real time games. Though poker is like the real world in that it includes hidden information. It is still like board games in that it is turn based. In a turn based game, players need only decide how to act but not when to act. But the real world is dynamic and change is constant. We have to decide not only how To act, but when to act. We also don't have immediate knowledge about what others are doing or have done. This property of real time is wholly absent from games like chess, go and poker, but it is a core element of other game genres, such as real time strategy games and first person shooters. In a surprise showing at Valve $24 million video game tournament, the Superbowl of electronic sports open AI challenged the top human player Daniela is shuttin to play against it, say, the air you've been trained to play the real time strategy game Dota two. During the match, the air was beating is shutting so badly that he begged it to please stop bullying me, quote, open air first ever to defeat world's best players in competitive eSports vastly more complex than traditional board games like chess and go and play Quote, Elan musk. In 2018 DeepMind achieved similar progress with AI is learning to play first person shooters. These games involve the tactics and strategies of individuals cooperating within a 3d environment. Deep minds achieve superhuman levels of gameplay playing capture the flag in quake three. In 2019 DeepMind created an AI called alpha star which learns to play the real time strategy game Starcraft two. It defeated the top ranked human player in 10 out of 10 games, beyond games, and has achieved incredible results in games. But how useful is it? an AI that plays chess or Starcraft at superhuman levels won't cure cancer or save the world. But general purpose learning algorithms are broadly useful. They can be used in Many domains beyond mere games. Google's gnmt for example, learn how to translate languages, which helps travelers navigate foreign lands. One of the latest projects of deep mind is an AI called alpha fold. Alpha fold is learning how to solve the incredibly complex problem of protein folding. A problem which you've solved has applications in developing medicines, gene therapies, and perhaps even cures for cancer. In a recent paper, alpha fold achieved higher accuracy in predicting protein folding than any prior method. Quote, alpha zeros creative insights coupled with the encouraging results we see in other projects such as alpha fold, give us confidence in our mission to create general purpose learning systems that will one day help us find novel solutions to some of the most important and complex scientific problems. And quote, deep mind to In 2016, DeepMind applied their algorithm to the problem of cooling their data centers. The result, the AI was able to cut their cooling bill by 40%. learning algorithms could also play a key role in achieving human and superhuman intelligence. For we don't need to figure out how to build the brain of an adult human, we only need to figure out how to build the brain of a baby. From there, the AI can learn everything else. Movement abilities of AI. The defining difference between animals and stationary life forms is that we can navigate through an ever changing environment. This requires continual acquisition of information to decide how to best get from point A to point B, while avoiding the mouths of hungry predators. You could say the reason we have brains is because we move there is an animal that demonstrates This, the sea squirt in its larval stage can swim, but it has no digestive system. before it can eat it must find a suitable spot on the sea floor to attach itself and begin a metamorphosis. When it emerges from this process, it has a mouth and digestive system, but it sends organs and most of its brain argon. Quote, once attached, the juvenile adult no longer needs the sense organs, nerve cord or even its tail, so it really absorbs them. The brain vesicle is transformed into a cerebral ganglion, which only helps the stationary adults to feed and quote, john Bishop for air to succeed in the physical world, it must also muster movement in a dynamic environment. much progress has been made in this area and now achieve superhuman performance in the control of ground based and area vehicles. Further, it has mastered fine motor control over bodies driving. Today's and systems drive better than the average human. They benefit from millisecond reaction times 360 degree vision and never getting distracted, tired or intoxicated. Google started developing self driving cars in 2009 with a 10 year goal of creating the world's best driver. Quote, our 10 year challenge has been building the world's most experienced driver. Thanks to two visionary Google characters for getting us started instead of the way Moe one riders in Phoenix were serving and quote, john Kraft. By 2014 Google's autonomous vehicles had logged over 700,000 miles and have done so without causing a single accident today in certain places, you can order one to pick you up. Human drivers only gain experience from a single perspective over a single lifetime. And systems aren't subject to this limit. Data from every autonomous vehicle can be combined to form a shared pool of experience from which lessons may be learned. This new experience then develops a better AI. With a million air vehicles on the road. It gains a million years of driving experience each and every year. It would know every road in the country how to drive in every weather condition, and it will have the practice of avoiding dozens of accidents each day. No human driver could come close to being so experienced flying. In addition to ground vehicles, Google is working on drones and the project wing. The goal of winning is drone based delivery. It is currently being tested. In Australia, where people can place food and beverage orders through an app. In 2019 project wing became the first drone delivery company to obtain an air operator's certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration. This allows wing to operate as a commercial airline in US airspace. In military aviation fighter pilots are the best of the best their lives depend on it. Jean Lee is a former fighter pilot with decades of experience. He has flown and commanded thousands of air interceptor missions and was a battle manager and adversary tactics instructor for the US Air Force. Lee has fought a opponents in flight simulators for decades. But in 2016, he met his match and an pilot called alpha shot down Jianli in every encounter. Fortunately, fully, it was only a simulation. Alpha was in his words, the most aggressive responsive, dynamic and credible AI I've seen to date quotes. I was surprised at how aware and reactive It was. It seems to be aware of my intentions and was reacting instantly to my changes in flight and my missile deployment. It knew how to defeat the shot I was taking. It moved instantly between defensive and offensive actions as needed. And quote, Jean Lee, retired United States Air Force Colonel nimble robots can drive and fly vehicles, but could it have a pilot something like a human body with its hundreds of muscles and joints and its constant need for balance? A company called Boston Dynamics has shown that it can. They built a robot called Atlas with a humanoid body. It is bipedal and moves like a person. It can navigate over difficult terrain and manage obstacles. In a recent demo, Boston Dynamics showed Atlas to be capable of much more. It can run, jump, do backflips, cartwheels, handstands and somersaults. It performs acrobatic feats that few humans can. Recognition abilities of AI. The human brain is a pattern recognition machine. The most evolved part of the mammalian brain is its outer layer known as the cortex. In humans 30% of the cortex is devoted to processing visual information. The Vision System is responsible for taking flickers of light picked up by cells in our retinas and constructing the rich 3d world we no one filled with objects, people and meaning, though it feels automatic, billions of your neurons work behind the scenes to make it happen. It is no small feat to build a machine that replicates the functions of our most complex sensory system to make something that can determine the people, places and things contained in patterns of light. These patterns of light grids of pixels are ultimately just lists of numbers, the intensity of red light here, the intensity of green light there, etc. This is true not just for computers, but also the brain. The brain sees only the counts of synaptic signals from the optic nerves cords containing 1 million nerve fibers each. Stanford vision lab and Princeton University created image net, a collection of 14 million annotated images covering 20,000 categories. The data set is used to train systems for object recognition. Since 2010, the image net large scale visual recognition challenge has led teams compete to see who can build the best object recognition system trained on their data set In the first year, results were abysmal. The winning team had an error rate of 26%. Five times greater than the human error rate. Progress was slow, but steady. By 2015. Just five years after competitions began, Microsoft Research built a system that exceeded the accuracy of humans. It had an error rate of just 4.94%. As of 2020, the top system has an error rate of 1.3%. Microsoft has an online demo of their image recognition technology. Google even lets you upload your own photos and have them be processed by their a. It's notable that these API's were not programmed by hand. Instead they learn by example, the eye is not told what properties to look for to tell cats apart from dogs. Instead, the a is given many examples. have cats and dogs and told which is which the air learns the distinguishing features of cats and dogs on its own creative abilities of AI. A defining trait of humans is our creativity. We have the ability to come up with new ideas and express originality. We apply our creativity to create art, music and inventions. quotes, noun creativity, the use of the imagination or original ideas, especially in the production of an artistic work. And, quote, Oxford Dictionary can a machine ever have a creative spirit or an imagination? original thought from a machine sounds like a contradiction in terms machines are designed and programmed by humans. We tell them what to do. How then could a machine Be creative Despite the seeming contradiction, machines have been made that challenge humans in creative domains. There are now machines adapted making art machines have conceived of patent worthy inventions. Arguably, some machines have even shown that they have an imagination. These endeavors have spawned a new field in AI called computational creativity. Art. In 2017, a team from Barclays our research laboratory created an image translation system called cycle Gann. Once trained, it could turn pictures of horses into zebras or scenes of winter to summer. The creators of cycle Gann took it a step further, they decided to train the AI in the styles of various impressionist painters. Once trained, they provided a photograph to the air and asked it to generate a painting in the style of Claude Mani Vincent van Gogh Paulson. On no the Japanese style of ukiyo E, their result was incredible. Any image provided to the eye was converted to a painting in the style of Mani or Van Gogh. But they say I has merely learned to copy the styles of other artists. It may take skill, but what creativity is involved, that truly creative air would form its own style. This is exactly the challenge that Ahmed el gammal, director of the art and artificial intelligence lab at Rutgers aims to solve. He created a new type of air he calls a creative adversarial network or CNN. The goal of a can is to create novelty, for example, artwork and styles different from what it's seen before. Accordingly, artwork produced by a can leans towards abstract pieces. elgamal said, I am surprised by the output every time I run it. Below is a sample of the end creations. Quote. We measured the difference in responses towards the human art and the machine art and found that there is very little difference. Actually, some people are more inspired by the art that is done by machine and quote Ahmed el gammal. We need not wonder whether someday human artists will have to compete against machines. That day has already passed. In 2018. The auction house Christie's became the first to list artwork created by an A, the portrait fetched $432,500 45 times its estimated price. Hugo castles do pray. The human who used AI to create the art said we found that portraits provided the best way to illustrate our point, which is that algorithms are able to emulate creativity. Music. musical expression is not uniquely human. whales and birds also sing, but couldn't a create music. In 2017, a team from Microsoft created bark bot, and they are trained to compose music in the style of Johann Sebastian Bach. to test it. The researcher has built a website barkbox.com where people can listen to samples and guess whether it was something created by bark or by bark bot. Out of 2336 participants, the fraction of people that could tell bark bought from the real bark was only 1% higher than could be expected from random guessing. In other words, people had a negligible ability to tell bark bought from the real thing. You can try it yourself@barkbox.com quote, as someone who makes music, the idea that code can do what I do is free Key, it's unnerving to think that an algorithm can make a knock terrible song in minutes and that is getting in on Creative turf we categorize as distinctly human. And quote, Danny deal writer for The Verge is increasingly being used in the music industry and has applications in writing lyrics, melodies, and even predicting sales that a musical piece will generate. There is an online demo that allows you to use an AI to generate song lyrics with different topics, genres and tones. When given the topic of cat with a pop genre and happy mood, it produced, quote, verse one, you rise so that you embrace me like a cat Downes the cat with the nose up. He got this cat. He got this cat. He got this cat. He came home pre chorus I wish I was a cat that can do all the things a cat can do. I wish I was a cat that can leap from the ceiling chorus. So how did you manage to open up my heart and still feel so alone, the snow is falling and my cat is hiding from a storm inside my heart from not sleeping and cats with silver chains and quote, recent evidence suggests that AI has even developed a taste for music. At least it seems to understand how much humans will like a given piece of music. The startup hyper live claims to have created an AI that predicts sales figures with 83% accuracy. Their system predicted sales figures for 200 tracks by 10 major artists. Their technology works by modeling the neurological, physiological and behavioral responses the music will invoke in the listeners brain. Given its accuracy, we must wonder whether machines can have an aesthetic sense imagination. Imagination is the ability to generate new ideas and imagery out of nothing. In the last few years, the capacity for machines to imagine has not only risen but in a short time has vastly outstripped the abilities of human imagination, at least in terms of accuracy and realism. Take for example, the photo of a person created that this person does not exist calm. This person may look real, but in truth she does not exist. She was never born and never stopped to take a photo. There is no mind or soul behind her eyes. The photo and person were imagined by an AI created on the fly by visiting this person doesn't texas.com you too can visit this To refresh it to get an endless supply of photos of people who don't exist. Deep mind extended this technology beyond faces. It has the ability to invent realistic pictures of cheeseburgers, dogs, butterflies and landscapes. There are also a eyes that can be inspired to imagine. One takes rough sketches of cats, buildings, or shoes and turns them into photo realistic interpretations. Another heir turns textual descriptions into images. This technology has improved beyond photographs into the realm of video. It can be used to swap out actors in movies, such as replacing Arnold Schwarzenegger with Sylvester Stallone in Terminator two, or used in the popular trend of putting Nicolas Cage in every movie with the latest technology, and then I can take a single photograph and bring it to life by predicting the future. That's it From MIT's and I've trained an AI to predict the next few seconds of video from a single picture. In 2019, Samsung's our lab created few shots. It can take a single photo and imagine it as a living, emoting and talking person. To demonstrate the power of needing only a single photo they use the Mona Lisa invention. invention is another expression of human creativity, inventing new tools and technologies we have transformed our way of life. human creativity brought us from tribes people to having every convenience of modern society. But humans are no longer the sole possessors of ingenuity. The computer scientist john causa created the field of genetic programming. genetic programming is inspired by the techniques of biological evolution. It enables a program to update and adapt itself. In the search for more optimum solutions to problems caused they use these techniques to build the invention machine. The Invention machine has optimized and rediscovered the designs of antennae circuit boards, lenses and factories. It was able to, in causes words automatically synthesize complete designs for six optical lens systems that duplicated the functionality of previously patented lens systems. In 2005, one of the designs created by the invention machines granted patent number 6,847,850, won by the US Patent and Trademark Office. The rise of AI inventors is creating problems for patent offices around the world. In 2018, the European Patent Office rejected two inventions where an artificial intelligence was the sole inventor on the grounds that machines do not have legal personality and cannot own property. Quote, there are machines right now that are doing far more on their own than to help an engineer or a scientist or an inventor do their jobs. We will get to a point where a court or legislature will say the human being is so disengaged, so many levels removed that the actual human did not contribute to the inventive concept. End quote. Andrei NQ, director of the US Patent and Trademark Office 2020. We already seen that AI can invent new strategies and tactics in games like chess and go, quote, we all expect machines to play very solid and slow games, but alpha zero just does the opposite. It is surprising to see a machine playing so aggressively, and it also shows a lot of creativity. And quote, Garry Kasparov, Grandmaster and former world chess champion Quote, I thought AlphaGo was based on probability calculation and it was merely a machine. But when I saw this move I changed my mind. Surely AlphaGo is creative. End quote. Lee Sedol nine Dan professional go player and former champion, referring to move 37 reasoning abilities of AI. In 2004 Ken Jennings made game show history by winning 74 consecutive games on the quiz show jeopardy. No one doubts the superior memory of today's computers. They far outpaced the brain in terms of speed and accuracy. But storing facts and knowing how to apply them is a whole other problem. That's why IBM saw it as a great challenge to make an AI that could beat world champions at Jeopardy, a game whose clues often require solving complex verbal puzzles In 2009, Jennings received a call from Japanese producers. They asked, IBM tells us they want to build a supercomputer to beat you at jeopardy. Are you up for this? in his day job, Jennings was a computer programmer. He knew computers lag far behind humans that these kinds of problems. He thought this is going to be child's play. Yes, I will come and destroy the computer and defend my species. Quote, people don't realize how tough it is to write the kind of program that can read a Jeopardy clue in a natural language like English and understand all the double meanings, the puns, the red herrings, unpack the meaning of the clue. And, quote, Ken Jennings, but when put to the test in 2011, neither Jennings nor his compatriot on the side of humanity ran for Rutter could defeat Watson. The a and the three game match with a score of $77,147 more than the combined scores of its human opponents. Accepting defeat. Jennings wrote under his final answer I, for one, welcome our new computer overlords. Humans often judge the reasoning abilities of other humans through standardized multiple choice tests. Researchers from the Allen Institute for artificial intelligence published results on an AI test taker called the hristo. In just three years time, Arista went from flunking science tests to async them in 2016. barista could only answer 59.3% of the questions on the eighth grade ny region science exam correctly but by 2019 and hristo advanced to answer over 90% of questions correctly. This test had questions like Quote, which equipment will best separate a mixture of iron filings and black pepper, one magnet to filter paper three triple beam balance four volt meter. Which form of energy is produced when a rubber band vibrates. One chemical to light three electrical for sound. Because copper is a metal, it is one liquid at room temperature to nonreactive with other substances three, a poor conductor of electricity for a good conductor of heat. Which process in an apple tree primarily results from cell division one growth to photosynthesis, three gas exchange for waste removal. According to the project leader Peter Clarke, even five years ago, computers had a lot of difficulty understanding what was written In text thanks to a rapid progression of advances, we now have AI systems that are much better able to understand language. In the next section, we will look at the jobs that AI is about to take artificial intelligence and jobs and it performs at the human level in all areas will have profound societal, social, and economic impacts, more limited and has already had far reaching economic effects. Horses made their living through their strength. They couldn't find new jobs once stronger machines like automobiles and tractors entered the scene. The horse population peaked in the early 1900s. What will happen to humans when a more creative, more intelligent thinking machine enters the scene and air can operate 24 seven, it can work faster, more accurately and more for less money, the air worker requires no training time. It's never quits, takes leave or gets sick. What chance do we have, and could be the gateway to a new golden age? One way we free ourselves from tedious labor and pursue our dreams. On the other hand, our economic obsolescence could spell our due. Let's review the jobs already lost to automation and consider which jobs are under an imminent threat of replacement by a jobs taken by AI and automation. many jobs have been automated away or substantially reduced by a software all machines bank tellers, ATMs, toll collectors, toll machines toll transponders EZ Pass I pass editors spelling and grammar check software. Personal Assistant, Alexa, Siri, Google Home. supermarket cashiers, self checkout machines, Amazon ghost stores, warehouse workers, robots, assembly line workers robots, travel agents, booking websites, tax preparers, tax software. human level general intelligence threatens all jobs. Someday soon, we may all feel as these workers felt, quote, I remember thinking, this is it. I felt obsolete. I felt like a Detroit factory worker of the 80s in a robot that could now do his job on the assembly line. I felt like quiz show contestant was now the first job that had become obsolete. Under this new regime of thinking computers and quote, can Jennings jobs threatened by AI, that 2019 report estimates 36 million jobs are threatened by emerging air technologies. When we think of jobs ripe for replacement, we usually think of low skilled jobs that pay little and need little training. While this has been true in the past, new systems threaten highly paid and highly skilled jobs. Grocery Store cashiers and truck drivers are not the only ones that need worry about robots taking their jobs. Jobs threatened by a include lawyers, radiologists, anesthesiologists, pharmacists, scientists, airline pilots, hedge fund managers, and Hollywood actors and law. The field of law includes paralegals lawyers judges. All these jobs face the threat of automation, paralegal average salary $51,740. paralegals work as assistants and in terms of law firms, many go on to become lawyers themselves. They help lawyers prepare cases and search for relevant facts in documents and case law. The technology called electronic discovery now automates much of this work, it is faster, cheaper, and more thorough than manually sifting through the millions of documents that might be involved in a case. Quote, from a legal staffing viewpoint, it means that a lot of people who use to be allocated to conduct document review are no longer able to be billed out. People get bored, people get headaches, computers don't. End quote. they'll hire a lawyer who previously filled auditoriums with lawyers to pour over documents. Lawyer average salary $94,495. Lawyers average seven years of education after high school for for an undergraduate degree plus three more at law school. Despite this, even lawyers face the threat of automation. In 20 1820, top corporate lawyers were pitted against an AI lawyer called law geeks. The lawyers and the AI were asked to perform a standard lawyer function reviewing a contract to identify potential issues. Human lawyers achieved an accuracy of 85% and it took them an average of 92 minutes to complete the task. The air system law geeks achieved an accuracy of 94% and finished in 26 seconds. One of the lawyers in the competition said we are seeing disruption across multiple industries by increasingly sophisticated uses of artificial intelligence. The field of law is no exception. Judge average salary $120,090 we rely on judges for both their knowledge of the law and their fairness. The country of Estonia plans to use an AI to settle Small Claims cases, both parties will upload their documents to be processed by an AI to give a decision. The Heirs decision can be appealed to a human judge. In the US, some states are using algorithms to decide prison sentences. It remains to be seen whether will result in fair verdicts and sentences. But unlike human judges, AI is will only get better over time and medicine. The field of medicine includes some of the most highly paid professions. It includes pharmacists, radiologists, anesthesiologists, and surgeons. All these jobs are threatened with replacement by intelligent machines. pharmacist average salary $128,090 pharmacists are responsible for filling prescriptions. Robotic pharmacists, such as those developed by Swiss log and the University of California, San Francisco, fully automate identification, counting and dispensing of pills. Quote, a nurse made an error of putting the decimal point in the wrong place and we overdose to patient and at that point, we made a commitment to that we didn't ever want that to happen again. And quote, Mark larut, CEO of the University of California San Francisco Medical Center. In testing at the University of California, San Francisco, the automated pharmacist filled 350,000 prescriptions with zero errors. Human pharmacists have an error rate of five errors per 100,000 prescriptions. Surgeon average salary $255,110 surgeons not only require medical expertise but adept hands and keen eyes. New robotic tools are deployed in thousands of operating rooms across the world. They enhance the capabilities of human surgeons. Robotic surgeons like Da Vinci Surgical system gives surgeons for arms magnified 3d vision, hand stabilization, fine motor control, and 360 degree articulating wrists. While today's robotic surgeries are performed with a human surgeon at the helm, the company digital surgery now part of Medtronic aims to add enhance robotic surgeons by connecting them with air quotes We're not anywhere near playing Grandmaster chess. But the computers are at the level of a medical school student. And quote, Gene name, surgeon and founder of digital surgery, anesthesiologist, average salary $261,730. Among medical specialties, anesthesiologists are among the best paid. The job requires experts skill and constant diligence. They must give patients just enough sedatives to render them insensitive but not so much that they stop breathing. Johnson and Johnson built a machine to automate patient sedation called the hdacis. It was among the first devices to automatically administer sedatives while monitoring the patient's condition. A Washington Post article about pseudocyst provoked an outpouring of messages from anesthesiologists and nurses nice that is to claim machine could never replicate a human's care or diligence. But others were less certain. One patient asked a friend and anesthesiologist what he thought about it. His response that's going to replace me. Since the sadece is more advanced systems have been built. One example is the eye control Rp. It's a closed loop system, it receives no external instructions. It makes all dosage decisions on its own. The eye control RP not only monitors the patient's vital signs, but it even monitors the patient's brain waves. A recent study found that patients sedated by closed loop systems recovered faster. Quote, I have no doubt that closed loop, a robotic anesthesia is at least as good as the best human anesthesia and that for me would be good enough to use it every day. And quote, Thomas m hemmerling, MD, da. radiologist, average salary $414,890 radiologists pour over patient scans to look for signs of disease and to diagnose patients. In 2019, researchers compared the performance between an AI system and 101 professional radiologists. In particular, they compared the accuracy and sensitivity of radiologists in screening mammograms for signs of breast cancer. In processing 28,000 mammogram images, researchers found the AI performed better than a majority of the human radiologists. Quote, some medical students have reportedly decided not to specialize in radiology because they fear the job will cease to exist and quote half Business Review. Ain't science. The field of science attracts some of humanity's greatest minds that discoveries drive progress. But could machines ever be so bright as to make new scientific discoveries? medical scientists, average salary $88,790 drug discovery can be lucrative, but it is also costly. Out of 5000 drugs that show promise in preclinical trials, only five make it to human testing of those five that make it to human testing, only one makes it to market. The process of going through the barteri testing, animal testing phase one, two, and three human clinical trials. And finally, obtaining FDA approval takes an average of 12 years and $2.6 billion it's little wonder why companies might invest in technical to streamline the process. This led to the creation of an air called Centaur chemist, a system to automate the process of drug design. In 2020, human clinical trials began on the compound speed 1181. This drug was identified by Centaur chemist for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. The heir discovered it in 12 months, a quarter of the time normally required by human drug research teams, physicist average salary $122,220, physicists use observations to develop models that describe the world in 2022, mit physicists Sylvia Marion new ddrescue and Max Tegmark built an AI that could do the same it rediscovered known laws of physics quotes we just posted a new air paper on how to water magically discover laws of physics from raw video with machine learning. For example, we feed in the video below of a rocket moving in circles in a magnetic field seen through a distorting lens, and our code automatically discovers the Lorentz force law, and, quote, Max Tegmark and finance few fields are more lucrative than those of finance, which includes traders and hedge fund managers. Securities trader average salary $98,770 since the 2001 paper by IBM showed algorithms consistently obtained significantly larger gains from trade than their human counterparts, the fraction of trades performed by humans has dwindled. As of 2012 for every seven trades made six were made by computers. Today's trading floors now sit back Empty. All the real activity takes place in data centers and server rooms, fund manager average salary $129,890. It's a great responsibility to be a mutual fund or hedge fund manager. They are entrusted with billions of dollars of assets. But recently I saw giving fund managers a run for their money, and entertainment. The field of entertainment employs a host creative types and supporting personnel, actors, stuntman, directors, costume teams, makeup artists, screenwriters, film crews, as well as setup and property designers. All of these categories of employment could be rendered obsolete by advances in AI. We have already seen AI that can take textual descriptions and turn them into images. We've also seen our eyes that can turn images into Video and realistic body motions and can already swap out likenesses of actors or change background scenes. For example, from winter to summer or day to night. Might we see a point where the tools of AI creates feature length films digitally? If so, there would be no need of actors costume teams, film crews traveling to destinations, obtaining permits, nor waiting for the right weather or time of day. It gives the creator unlimited control constrained only by imagination, not budgets, but it would leave many in Hollywood without a job. digitally rendered movies are not new. They have been around for decades. The first being Toy Story in 1995 only recently have digitally rendered movies began to approach photorealism. We've also seen the rise of entirely digital actors like Gollum from the Lord of the Rings rings 2001 recently, hollywood use digital recreations of deceased actors. The actor Peter Cushing, who died in 1994, was digitally resurrected to star as Grand Moff Tarkin in Rogue 120 16 and algorithms will allow at the click of a button, the appearance of a digital actor to be tweaked. And all video scenes with that actor will be automatically updated without having to do any reshoots, aided by AI. Creating movies could one day be a hobby accessible to anyone. And transportation. The field of transportation employs millions. It includes those who drive or fly trucks, delivery vans, buses, trains, planes, taxi cab drivers, and rideshare vehicles. Google's way Mo, GM Cruz Tesla, Apple Car, Baidu and some third five other companies are working to develop autopilot technology that will one day put all these transportation workers out of work. truck driver, average salary $42,260 truck driver is one of the most common professions in many states. Quote, this week, we'll stop driving our Chrysler Pacifica, some long haul trucks in Texas and New Mexico. These are interesting and promising commercial routes, and we'll be using our vehicles to explore how the way Moe driver might be able to create new transportation solutions. And quote, way mo in the not too distant future, the job of long haul truck driving could become a thing of the past. airline pilot average salary $161,280 autopilot systems exist on every level. Commercial jetliner, they not only fly but can land the plane. The standard procedure for most airlines is the use of automation for much of the flight, quote, let the computer do it because it can do a better job than a person and quote, Paul Robinson's account of the general advice given to pilots. But today's autopilot systems don't taxi the plane, nor do they take off. Even though auto pilots can land the majority of landings are performed manually. New autopilot systems aim to change that. Airbus is currently testing fully autonomous taxiing takeoff and landing battle technology. Boeing is also working on a fully autonomous airplane and writing generalist average salary $62,400 We've seen the GPT two can write in almost human style. In 2019 john Seabrook, writer for The New Yorker traveled to meet with the people at open air behind GPT. Two, he wanted to answer the question Can a machine learn to write for The New Yorker? He concluded, quote, The brain is estimated to contain 100 billion neurons with trillions of connections between them. The neural net that the full version of GPT two runs on has about one and a half billion connections or parameters. at the current rate at which computers growing neural nets could equal the brain's raw processing capacity in five years. To help open air get there first, Microsoft announced in July that it was investing a billion dollars in the company as part of an exclusive computing partnership. And quote, john Seabrook, staff writer. For the New Yorker, Microsoft may be well on their way to getting their first in 2020 then announced that they are firing nearly 80 people and replacing them with AI that will automate the curation of their news pages, screenwriter average salary $73,090 and could one day entirely automate the process of bringing a movie script to life, but someone still has to come up with the stories, right? Perhaps not. In 2016 an hour wrote a short screenplay that was turned into a film called sun spring. Though the dialogue is laughably bad, this represents the floor. And storytellers will only improve from here. what jobs are safe in the long run, the rise of sophisticated AI and robotics means no job is completely safe. However, in the short run, some jobs seem safer than others. These include jobs that need a human touch or a human personality to provide inspiration, comfort, compassion, or persuasion. These jobs include childcare workers, teachers, and nurses, waitstaff and bartenders, social workers and therapists, airline pilots to reassure passengers who wouldn't fly without human pilots, managers, sales people, CEOs, and public speakers. There are also some that by conventional law require humans to fill them, such as politicians and other holders of public office. The clergy professional athletes live performance in place. Music comedy. Finally, there are some jobs that might survive until AI attains a human level understanding of the world. Comedians to know what people find funny requires knowing how people think. movie critic, writing content that is long and coherent screenplays, novels, books. By programmers, this job will exist until AI programmers make a smart enough to replace themselves. The list of things humans can do better than AI is short and shrinking. In this final section, we will examine the near and far future capabilities of artificial intelligence, the future of artificial intelligence. What would we get if we put all the previous aids in the same computer we would get an AI that could hold a conversation in any of 100 languages over the phone. It would be to every one of Jeopardy chess, go poker, and in many video games, the end would be able to recognize any object or face even detect cancer better than most doctors. It would also be accomplished and creative, having invented things, discovered laws of physics and identified new drugs. The air could compose as well as bark and paint as well as Van Gogh. It will also be seen as highly original, its own artistic styles. The end would be a modern day renascence machine with a collection of skills unrivaled by any human quote. Let's put all these together, and then it will be smart. And quote, Marvin Minsky. At one point in history, it was possible for a single person to be well versed in all of human knowledge. But as the domains of science specialized and human knowledge grew This hasn't been possible for centuries. However, an error could hold all human knowledge in its head. Every encyclopedia, every book and science article ever published, even the contents of every web page on the internet, with the ability to cross reference, analyze, find patterns in and summarize written text as GPT. Two does, it is only a matter of time before we build an entity with an understanding of the collective knowledge of humanity, algorithms of intelligence in 2000 Marcus Hutter now deep mind discovered an algorithm for universal artificial intelligence called xi. When followed, this algorithm achieves perfect and optimal intelligence. It works by computing every possibility resulting from every available course of action, then choosing the action that brings it closest to its goals. If the goal is to win a chess game Xi computes every possible future chess game resulting from each of the possible moves and chooses the move with the most wins and fewest losses among its future possible games. The algorithm has one downside, it's uncomputable. It needs unlimited computational resources to solve. Potter's formula does offer an important lesson. Intelligence isn't complicated. What's hard is getting intelligence with limited computing power. Achieving intelligence with limited resources requires finding and taking shortcuts, matching patterns and applying heuristics in place of brute compute. It seems we now know how to do this. Deep minds alpha zero is an algorithm for learning. Open errs GPT two is an algorithm for understanding PS cycle Gann is an algorithm for creativity with the algorithms of intelligence Only one thing stands in the way of human level AI, raw computing power, neural networks, alpha zero GPT to cycle Gann, Microsoft's speech and object recognition, Google's GMT translation, all of them are based on the technology of artificial neural networks, which were themselves inspired by the brain. Neural networks have been used since the 1960s, and were a primary topic of interest by air researchers in the 1980s. But the field of their stagnated when neural networks failed to do anything useful. Their failure, however, was not due to having the wrong principles, but not having enough computing power. Trying to build useful AI with computers of the 1980s was like trying to get to the moon with a bottle rocket. The principle is right, but the power was not there with increasing computing Power, larger neural networks with many more neurons and many more layers became computationally feasible. These networks are known as deep neural networks. Each layer of the network can separately identify unique features. This was revealed in 2015 by Google's deep dream, a visualization of what each layer in a deep neural network sees. deep neural networks of today can have dozens of layers and millions of neurons. Recent breakthroughs aren't a result of discovering some new paradigm of intelligence, but the result of building faster processors and larger data sets. The current air revolution is almost entirely a result of increased computing power. Thanks to pioneers like Marvin Minsky in the 1980s and Juergen Schubert in the 1990s. We've had the right methods for decades. However, only recently have we had the computing power to run and train networks large enough to manifest interesting and intelligent behaviors. Now, as the power of our best computers approaches the raw computing power of the human brain, we're seeing increasingly human like achievements in a, how much time is left before our computers and the air they power Eclipse us computing trends. It is the nature of technology to improve and it's speed of improvement has been exponential. Exponential growth occurs whenever the amount of growth is proportional to some things magnitude. For example, the interest paid to a bank account is proportional to its balance. Whenever there is exponential growth, there will be a constant doubling time. In 1965, Gordon Moore, who would later found Intel, notice that the power of computers was doubling almost every year. The trend could be traced back well before the 60s and it has been Continued ever since. Since 1900, we've had a 10 to the power of 18 fold increase in the performance of computers. Exponential growth occurs whenever there is a feedback mechanism. For example, the better our knowledge about building computers, the faster and more powerful computers we can make. The faster computers we make, the faster we can gather and process information to expand our knowledge, which includes new knowledge about building computers, the cycle repeats and feeds on itself. We observe exponential growth in every measure of our knowledge in the number of new patents filed in the number of scientific articles published and in the total amount of digital data stored. Today is just a starting point. If the power of computing technology continues to double every year, then in a decade our computing power will expand by 1000 times 1000 times faster and 1000 times more memory applied to AI. That means each decade air gets 1000 times smarter. Quote, there will be about 30 doublings in the next 25 years. That's a factor of a billion in the capacity and price performance over today's technology, which is already quite formidable. And quote, Ray Kurzweil should catch up to us. It won't stay at our level for long. It will go soaring past us and intelligence explosion. We feel as though we are in the midst of something big a paradigm shift the next stage of life something. recordings of these feelings go back to at least the late 1950s. Quote, one conversation centered on the ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life which gives the patient And of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs as we know them could not continue. And quote, Stanislav ulam in 1958, recounting a conversation with john von Neumann, Danny Hillis, who worked with Minsky's of the MIT AI lab compared it to being in the middle of an S curve, quote. So the first steps of the story that I told you about took a billion years apiece, and the next steps like nervous systems and brains took a few hundred million years, then the next steps like language and so on, took less than a million years. And these next steps like electronics seem to be taking only a few decades. The process is feeding on itself and becoming, I guess autocatalytic is the word for it when something reinforces its rate of change. range. The more it changes, the faster it changes. And I think that that's what we're seeing here in this explosion of curve. We're seeing this process feeding back on itself and quote, Danny Hillis, we are alive at a most exciting time in history. But does it pose a threat to human life as we know it? The Doomsday equation? What might this next stage of life be and what possibilities will it bring? How much time do we have left before it enters the world stage? Various signs from different fields all suggested could be as near as a few decades. Heinz von Forster was versed in the fields of computer science, neurophysiology, mathematics and philosophy. The Pentagon funded von Forster to create and lead the biological computer laboratory where he pioneered In the field of cybernetics, he published over 200 papers in his career, but his most famous is his 1960 Doomsday equation. forsters Doomsday equation was the result of analyzing human population growth trends. He and his students gathered and analyzed the human population size over the previous 2000 years. They discovered it is growing faster than an exponential rate. The growth was not exponential, but hyperbolic. While an exponential trend doubles at a constant rate, one Forster found the time between doublings was shrinking. they plotted when this doubling time was projected to reach zero, a time where human population would if it followed this trend shoot to infinity. They arrived at the following projection 2027 ad plus or minus 5.5 years. A similar pattern was discovered in economics. The economic historian James Bradford delong collected data to estimate world GDP over the previous 1 million years. Again, when plotted, it showed a trend of a decreasing time between successive doublings. It suggested a point in the early 21st century when the doubling time of the economy would reach 02, researchers created a model of population, technology and inventors to estimate world technological development over time, they concluded, quote, extremely simple mathematical models are shown to be able to account for 99.2 to 99.91% of all the variation in economic and demographic macro dynamics of the world for almost two millennia of its history. And quote, Andrei karate if and Tammy malkov the trend of the data is so clear and concise system that someone in ancient Rome or the Middle Ages with the data of their time could have predicted this trend would reach its end sometime during the 21st century. A singularity in history. Quote, an analysis of the history of technology shows that technological change is exponential, contrary to the common sense, intuitive linear view. So we won't experience 100 years of progress in the 21st century, it will be more like 20,000 years of progress at today's rate, and quote, Ray Kurzweil in 2000. Trends in the growth of population, the economy, and technology all point towards an emerging technological singularity in the near future. This is a point when machine intelligence vastly outstrips human intelligence. Once that occurs, humans will no longer be in the driver's seat of technological development. I'm constrained by the human population of scientists, inventors, and technologists. The only limit on the speed of technological progress will be the computing resources available for air based scientists, inventors and technologists. As of 2018, our fastest supercomputer summit exceeded the computational power of one human brain. In a few decades of continued technological progress, our personal computers and smartphones will catch up to the computing power of summit. Around this time, the total computing capacity of our machines will exceed the total computing power of all human brains. Quote, essential historic developments match a binary scale marking exponentially declining temporal intervals, each half the size of the previous one, apparently converging to zero within the next few decades. The remain series of five Faster and faster additional revolutions should converge in an Omega point expected between 2030 and 2040. When individual machines will already approach the raw computing power of all human brains combined, many of the present readers of this article should still be alive then. And quote, Yogesh mova, a pioneer superpowers of super intelligence. Irving john good was a mathematician who worked alongside Alan Turing using computers to break German codes in World War Two. Good was one of the first to realize the implications of a machine that could improve itself. Quote, let an ultra intelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever since the design of machines is one of these intellectual activities and ultra intelligent machine could design even better machines. They would then unquestionably Be an intelligence explosion and the intelligence of man would be left far behind. Thus the first ultra intelligent machine is the last invention that man needs ever make. And quote, Irving john good in 1965. Such an intelligence would possess many attributes we might call superpowers. Nick Bostrom, his book super intelligence outlines six superpowers that super intelligent AI is might possess. Given its superpowers, as super intelligence aligned against humanity would be a curse, we would have little chance of prevailing against it. However, a super intelligence on our side would be a blessing. It could cure any disease, design, any technology fix any problem, even in world hunger and poverty. That's super intelligence is how we could see 20,000 years of progress over the next 100 years. Quote, everything that civilization has to offer is a product of human intelligence. We cannot predict what we might achieve when this intelligence is magnified by the tools that AI may provide. But the eradication of war, disease and poverty would be high on anyone's list. Success in creating add would be the biggest event in human history. Unfortunately, it might also be the last end quote, Stephen Hawking. In two decades, we've seen the rise of intelligent machines, machines that are creative, that learn that fool us into thinking they are human. If so, much progress can come in such a short period, what will be possible over the coming centuries as computing technologies continue to grow exponentially in power, limits of intelligence? There are some limits even super intelligence cannot overcome For example, limits like the speed of light and matter densities of black holes. physical laws imply physical limits on the processing speed, data density and energy efficiency of computers. See how good can technology get. However, the ultimate physical limits on computation are extraordinary remans limit bounds the speed of the fastest possible computer to 10 to the power of 50 operations per second per kilogram of mass. The summit supercomputer achieves about 10 to the power of 16 operations per second per kilogram, meaning we are about 10 to the power of 34 off from building the best possible computers. computing technology could double another 112 times before we would reach this limit. The best physically possible computing material is referred to as compute chronium. It is the stuff of science fiction, but we can use the known facts bounds to speculate about what compute chronium could do. Humans often consider themselves as the pinnacle of intelligence. But in truth, even the combined intelligence of all human brains put together is but a speck next to what is possible. On an exponential chart, each increase by one represents a tenfold increase in computing power. The average pocket calculator can perform 10 operations per second, and so is that a one on the chart, a modern smartphone that performs 1,000,000,000,010 to the power of 12 operations per second sits at 12. chimps, humans, and the summit supercomputer all around the xop 10 to the power of 18 scale, so all three sit around 18. The combined power of all computers in the world is around 10 to the power of 21 operations per second and all 7 billion human brains together is attend to the power of 28 dots. on this scale, all of humanity put together sits halfway between a pocket calculator and a Matryoshka brain, a hypothetical computer powered by a star, which achieves 10 to the power of 48 operations per second when operating at law and hours limit of computing efficiency. Though much smaller, one kilogram of computer chronium operating at physical limits has 100 times the power of this star powered computer achieving 10 to the power of 50 operations per second. Jupiter weighs about 10 to the power of 27 kilograms, converting the entire mass of Jupiter into compute turonian would yield a computer capable of 10 to the power of 77 operations per second. Ultimately, air could possess so much computing power that it could explore the entire evolutionary history of other worlds and civilizations in a fraction of a second through computer simulation. Consider that In the history of humanity, around 100 billion humans have lived. If each person lived an average of 40 years this amounts to a total of 4 trillion years of human experience. 4 trillion years is roughly 10 to the power of 20 seconds. Since each second human brain activity involves 10 to the power of 18 operations, then all experiences had by all of humanity can be produced with 10 to the power of 38 operations, and AI with one kilogram of compute chronium could experience all of humanity in a trillionth of a second, a Jupiter brain of compute chronium could in each second dream the dreams of 10 to the power of 39 civilizations is our own existence within such a dream. The potential power of future computers raises many questions such as are we living in a computer simulation? Is it possible to create new universes and is life insignificant? In the grand scheme of things, conclusions, we began this article with the question of when will a takeover? are we any closer to an answer? are intelligent machines possible? in the recent past, one could make the argument that machines would never be intelligent machines can only do what humans programmed them to do. This argument no longer holds water. The modern approach to AI relies on machines that teach themselves. Since they aren't given explicit instructions, machines have learned new strategies and styles no human programmer conceived. One of the earliest tests of machine intelligence was proposed by the father of computing, Alan Turing. In his 1950s paper Computing Machinery and intelligence Turing proposed The Imitation Game now more commonly known as the Turing test. Cheering suggested we would know machines are intelligent when people can no longer reliably tell whether they are talking with a computer or with another human. By the measure of this test, and the results of duplex, we have reached this point. Machines are intelligent, they have achieved or are approaching human performance in nearly all tasks. What does our future hold? What role might humanity play in all of this? We certainly will play a key role in assuring in the next stage of life. But what is next? Will we fade into irrelevance? Or do we have a purpose to serve beyond that? Even if AI does not turn against us Terminator style, it will reach a point where it could put us all out of work. In any event, the rise of AI will fundamentally change society as we know it. How will we spend our time and what is the final purpose and meaning of life. See you What is the meaning of life? Perhaps humanity still has a role to play in this new society, as experiences, enjoys, appreciators, and possessors of conscious experience. As conscious beings, we can help explore the unlimited possibilities of existence that exists in this universe and all other possible universes. When will a takeover? While there is no certainty about the future, we can look to estimates by those most versed in the field. When asked about the timeframe of the technological singularity, these experts gave the following dates. Patrick Winston, former director of the MIT artificial intelligence lab, 2038 Ray Kurzweil, entrepreneur, futurist inventor and Google executive 2045, Juergen shuba, father of modern AI Professor Artificial Intelligence 2050 in 2013, Vincent C. Mueller and Nick Bostrom surveyed over 500 error researchers. When asked when is artificial general intelligence likely to happen? 10% of respondents thought it would happen by 2020 to 50% of respondents thought it would happen by 2040. And 90% of respondents thought it would happen by 2075. If you are a betting person, there are even odds it will happen within 20 years from now, and it's a near certainty to happen by the end of this century. These estimates align with time tested trends in computing technology, given the exponential growth, even if we've underestimated the power of the brain by 1000 fold that only delays the inevitable by about a decade 10 doublings of computer speed so enjoy the remaining years where humankind is still the smartest creature on the planet. For we still don't know will air wipe us out.

This has been another episode presented by always asking.com where we ask the big questions thanks for listening